The start point of this project originated from a visual language lesson in which we chose a quote, as a start point mine was, "a mark indicates, position,connection or boundaries" through this start point i began exploring the lines created by routes, specifically transport routes. this lead me to the marks/lines left by planes in the sky. and the boundaries they cross.. i.e. international. etc.
My initial secondary research is shown below.
Busiest air routes within Europe, and going out of Europe.
It’s very apparent that I should try and start my research in the Heathrow flight paths.
· London serves as the largest aviation hub in the world, with five international airports, handling 130,307,938 passengers in 2009, more than any other city.[citation needed] London's second busiest airport, Gatwick, is the world's busiest single runway airport.
· The United Kingdom is home to many of Europe's largest and busiest airports as well as the busiest international airport in the world, London Heathrow Airport, which handles over 67 million international passengers annually. This is almost 10 million more than the 59 million handled by its closest competitor (Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport).
· London Heathrow - Terminal 5 opened on 27 March 2008, increasing the total passenger numbers potentially to over 90 million, possibly making Heathrow the world's busiest airport. However, serious delays and glitches remain. Plans for a third runway could increase aircraft movement dramatically and see over 115 million passengers using Heathrow annually.[citation needed] See also Future expansion and Terminal 6 and Runway 3
· London Stansted - Plans to increase Stansted's usage are also underway. See Proposed expansion
· Manchester - Expansion of services and facilities at Manchester Airport estimates a usage by 50 million passengers in 2030, which is more than twice as many as the airport handles now.
· London Luton - Luton's usage has increased by around 900% between 1991 and 2006, however plans for another runway and new terminal were scrapped due to financial reasons.[citation needed] See Development plans and the future
· Birmingham - Birmingham Airport also has plans to expand, with a new terminal due for completion in 2012.[citation needed] See Birmingham Airport Future
· Leeds Bradford International Airport- In November 2008, Bridgepoint Capital announced a £28 million expansion of the current terminal building at Leeds Bradford International Airport, enabling the airport to handle in excess of 6 million passengers a year. The airport also intends to increase parking, the number of aircraft stands and build a railway link.
Facts and figures
Size
Total size of Heathrow Airport: 1,227 hectares
Number of runways: 2
Length of runways: Northern 3,902m x 45m. Southern 3,658m x 45m.
Movements
Annual air transport movements in 2010: 449,220
Daily average air transport movements in 2010: 1,231
Aircraft stands
Number of aircraft stands served by an air bridge: 119
Number of remote stands: 80
Destinations and airlines
Number of airlines: 89
Number of destinations served: 176 in 90 seperate countries
Most popular destinations:
▪ New York (JFK)
▪ Dubai
▪ Dublin
▪ Amsterdam
▪ Paris (CDG)
Passenger numbers
Number of passengers arriving and departing per day: average 180,100 (split 50/50 between arriving and departing)
Number of passengers arriving and departing in 2010: 65.7 million
Busiest day ever recorded (passenger numbers): 18 July 2010 with 232,000
Busiest month ever recorded (passenger numbers): July 2010 with 6.7 million
Busiest year ever recorded (passenger numbers): 2007 with 67.86 million
Percentage of international passengers in 2010: 93% (60.9 million)
Percentage of domestic passengers in 2010: 7% (4.8 million)
Percentage of business travellers in 2010: 35.3% (23.2 million)
Percentage of other leisure travellers in 2010: 64.7% (42.5 million)
Percentage of transfer passengers in 2010: 35.4% (23.3 million)
Percentages of domestic, European, North American and other long haul passengers in 2009:
• Domestic – 7.4%
• Europe – 40.3%
• North Atlantic – 22.3%
• Other long haul – 30.0%
Passenger volume by terminal (millions) 2010:
• Terminal 1 – 13.6 million passengers on 118,318 flights
• Terminal 2 – closed for reconstruction
• Terminal 3 – 20.4 million passengers on 107,387 flights
• Terminal 4 – 8.3 million passengers on 54,217 flights
• Terminal 5 – 23.4 million passengers on 166,940 flights
Passenger profile: AB: 49%; C1: 41%, C2: 8%, DE: 2%
Cargo
Cargo tonnage in 2010: 1.47 million metric tonnes
Terminals
Areas per terminal:
• Terminal 1 – 74,601 square metres
• Terminal 2 – current under development
• Terminal 3 – 98,962 square metres
• Terminal 4 – 105,481 square metres
• Terminal 5 – 353,020 square metres
(Figures do not include Flight Connections Centre and passenger piers)
Year when each terminal was opened:
• Terminal 1 – 1968
• Terminal 2 – 1955
• Terminal 3 – 1961
• Terminal 4 – 1986
• Terminal 5 – 2008
Employment
Number of BAA staff at Heathrow: 6,422
Total employment at Heathrow Airport: 76,500
· On the other hand, development at Heathrow may be frowned upon by current residents because of the detrimental effects that some say it may have on the area. An increase in air traffic is inevitable, which will bring more pollution and noise to the area. It is estimated that the number of passengers travelling by air will be as high as 140 million in London by 2010, of which 85-90 million will be at Heathrow
Why we opposed Heathrow expansion
▪ We believe that expansion of Heathrow is principally for the benefit of the airport operator and some airlines, at the cost to everyone else of greater noise, congestion, pollution and risk.
▪ Heathrow expansion will result in more noise and congestion for Richmond and the whole of west London.
▪ We were not reassured by Government commitments on aircraft movements. Many Heathrow promises have been broken in the past.
▪ We are not reassured by the Government's promises to limit noise levels. In formulating limits they ignored their own ANASE study.
▪ We were never convinced by the Government's proposals to mitigate increased CO2 emissions arising from the third runway's operations.
· Government rail proposals are as yet unfunded and so entirely speculative.
· For about 75% of an average year, the wind blows from the West and Southwest. This explains why aircraft mainly land over Barnes, Kew, Richmond, and Sheen and then take-off the other way, over Windsor. However, when the wind is over 5 knots speed from the East, (for the other 25% of the year) the aircraft need to take off to the East. The aircraft noise then mainly affects Twickenham, Teddington, Whitton and Hampton. On days when the wind keeps changing direction, there is a time lag in changing the routes, due to the number of aircraft already lined up to land.
· When there is less than 5 knots of wind or no wind at all, it makes no operational difference as to which way the aircraft take off. However, Air Traffic Control work to a rule known as “Westerly Preference”, which means that even though the wind can be up to 5 knots from the East, the aircraft still take off to the West. There is a debate as to whether or not this ‘preference’ should be maintained.
No comments:
Post a Comment